what is magma solid rock with a fine texturewhat is magma solid rock with a fine texture

igneous rock, any of various crystalline or glassy rocks formed by the cooling and solidification of molten earth material. D. extrusion Many volcanoes sit over magma chambers. At that temperature, the plagioclase is calcium-rich (anorthite) (see Figure 2.6.1). B) basalt Laccoliths are blister-like, concordant intrusions of magma that form between sedimentary layers. Rocks labeled as granite in laymen applications can be several other rocks, including syenite, tonalite, and monzonite. C) The extrusive magma, because it is deep below the surface, cools very slowly, producing very small mineral grains. Please select the best answer from the choices provided Introduction to Igneous Rocks. B) dark colored, more dense and less viscous (not sticky); The rock then cools into new crust. Melted rock originates within Earth as magma . Lava flows are typically finer grained than intrusive igneous rocks. D) phaneritic, __________ is named for a prominent, volcanic mountain range in western South What is "magmatic differentiation"? Extrusive rocks, because of their small crystals and glass, are less durable. Extrusive igneous rocks are _________, whereas intrusive igneous rocks are _________. B) The rock has mineral grains that are glassy. Igneous rocks are common in the geologic record, but surprisingly, it is the intrusive rocks that are more common. Classification of Igneous Rock Series. This is a common component of volcanic ash and rocks like obsidian. As a volcanos magma chamber experiences greater pressure, often due to more magma seeping into the chamber, the volcano may undergo an eruption. 5. gabbro How Magma Forms Earth is divided into three general layers. Why are thin sections of rocks used to study igneous rocks? The dikes may be intruding over millions of years, but since they may be made of similar material, they would be appearing to be formed at the same time. Log in for more information. As the magma rises to the surface, the drop in pressure causes the dissolved volatiles to come bubbling out of solution, like the fizz in an opened bottle of soda. A __________ texture would be most UNLIKELY to occur in an extrusive igneous rock. . Dikes are important to geologists, not only for the study of igneous rocks themselves but also for dating rock sequences and interpreting the geologic history of an area. As a magma cools below 1300C, minerals start to crystallize within it. MAGMA - molten material and dissolved gas (in the subsurface). This reduction in overlying pressure, or decompression, enables the mantle rock to melt and form magma. Decompression melting often occurs at divergent boundaries, where tectonic plates separate. Magma is like seltzer: It contains "Volatile gases" - H2O, CO2, SO2, N2, CH4and other dissolved gases. This texture, which indicates a very slow crystallization, is called pegmatitic. The individual crystals in phaneritic texture are readily visible to the unaided eye. C) gabbroic These compounds cause the rock to melt at lower temperatures. solid rock with a fine texture In 1912, Norman Levi Bowenhe joined the Carnegie Institution in Washington, D.C., where he carried out groundbreaking experimental research into the processes of cooling magmas. D. obsidian 3. decompression melting If the magma has a low viscosity (i.e., its runny)which is likely if it is maficthe crystals that form early, such as olivine (Figure 3.3.6a), may slowly settle toward the bottom of the magma chamber (Figure 3.3.6b). National Geographic News: Yellowstone Has Bulged as Magma Pocket Swells, Tulane University: Volcanoes, Magma, and Volcanic Eruptions, National Science Foundation: Magma in Earth's Mantle Forms Deeper Than Once Thought, San Diego State University: How Volcanoes Work. B. komatiite These eruptions eject lava violently into the air, which cools into dacite and rhyolite rock. B. may be composed of grains of olivine and pyroxene phenocrysts What does it mean if a rock has a coarse texture? When magma is ejected by a volcano or other vent, the material is called lava. When many plutons merge together in an extensive single feature, it is called a batholith. A) striped and dotted; Some igneous rocks have a mix of coarse-grained minerals surrounded by a matrix of fine-grained material in a texture called porphyritic. Plus, they are, by definition, exposed to the elements of erosion immediately. The cooling behaviour of intermediate magmas lie somewhere between those of mafic and felsic magmas. B) Mafic is a magma/rock that is rich in Fe and Mg, whereas felsic refers to that which is rich in feldspar and silica (quartz) in Developments in Precambrian Geology (ed. The Bowen reaction series is one of the results of his work, and even a century later, it is an important basis for our understanding of igneous rocks. Most magma chambers sit far beneath the surface of the Earth. As it cools further, much of the remaining silica goes into calcium-rich plagioclase, and any silica left may be used to convert some of the olivine to pyroxene. Felsic magmas tend to be cooler than mafic magmas when crystallization begins (because they dont have to be as hot to remain liquid), and so they may start out crystallizing pyroxene (not olivine) and plagioclase. Granite commonly has large amounts of salmon pink potassium feldspar and white plagioclase crystals that have visible cleavage planes. As the temperature drops, and providing that there is sodium left in the magma, the plagioclase that forms is a more sodium-rich variety. A) diorite; intrusive rock that formed from the cooling of relatively intermediate silica magma Low viscosity means that mafic magma is the most fluid of magma types. 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C) the composition The resulting rock is called volcanic glass. A. Pyroxene - amphibole - olivine - biotite If the fragments accumulate while still hot, the heat may deform the crystals and weld the mass together, forming a welded tuff. This mixture is usually made up of four parts: a hot liquid base, called the melt; minerals crystallized by the melt; solid rocks incorporated into the melt from the surrounding confines; and dissolved gases. Flux MeltingFlux melting occurs when water or carbon dioxide are added to rock. C. biotite A. the rock has two or more distinctly different-size populations of mineral grains b. This process transfers heat and creates magma. Magma can also extrude into Earths atmosphere as part of a violent volcanic explosion. A xenolith is a piece of rock trapped in another type of rock. Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. Peacock, M. A. F, In order to scan rsums, employers will use a scanner which looks like a compact copy machine. Note that these 8 elements make up about 99 percent of the Earth's crust. 3. diorite Most of the mantle and crust are solid, so the presence of magma is crucial to understanding the geology and morphology of the mantle. C. basalt __________ is characterized by very coarse mineral grains? This magma solidifies in the air to form volcanic rock called tephra. 4. porphyritic basalt D. and c. only A) pyroclastic natural glasses organic material (lignite, coal, or petroleum) fossils. If a magma chamber encounters an enormous amount of pressure, however, it may fracture the rock around it. B) the magma stays the same temperature, causing ions to slow down and form crystals, mostly Si-O tetrahedra Basalt is a fine-grained mafic igneous rock. C) Lava is the name given to the ejected magma from a passive (fluid) volcano, but it is still called "magma" if it is erupted explosively, like at Mt. Geothermal drilling projects discovered two magma sites on the Big Island of Hawaii, and one on Iceland. D) texture and mineral composition The word reaction is critical. E. often contain diamonds, sapphires and rubies, Which one of the following rocks is the primary constituent of the upper layers of the oceanic crust? Texture describes the physical characteristics of the minerals, such as grain size. These eight elements . Gases, ash, and light-colored rock are emitted first, from the least-dense, top layer of the magma chamber. Figure 4.1.1. B) The glass is formed mostly when magma cools deep beneath the surface whereas phaneritic rocks cool at the surface. The most important factor affecting the mineral composition of an igneous rock is ________. Komatiite is a rare rock because volcanic material that comes directly from the mantle is not common, although some examples can be found in ancient Archean rocks [2]. D) highly viscous, cools quickly, Crystallization of magma occurs when ________. Normally, geothermal energy is created by pumping water into hot volcanic bedrock, creating steam that is then harnessed to generate electricity. A number of processes that take place within a magma chamber can affect the types of rocks produced in the end. Classification of Igneous Rock Series. Because felsic lavas are less mobile, it is less common than granite. Residual molten material expelled from igneous intrusions may form veins or masses containing very large crystals of minerals like feldspar, quartz, beryl, tourmaline, and mica. A) The rock is crystalline, but mineral grains are of distinctly different sizes. A. A. intermediate silica, intermediate iron and magnesium, phaneritic texture E. crystal settling. As a result, felsic magma also has the highest gas content and viscosity, and lowest mean temperatures, between 650o and 800o Celsius (1202o and 1472o Fahrenheit). Composition refers to the rocks specific mineralogy and chemical composition. Laccoliths bulge upwards; a similar downward-bulging intrusion is called a lopolith. Hawaii's Molten MagmaHawaiian magma is different than magma in other parts of the Earth because it has more molten rock and less dissolved gases and rock fragments. Magma can intrude into a low-density area of another geologic formation, such as a sedimentary rock structure. A. both quartz and muscovite These tiny crystals can be viewed under a petrographic microscope [1]. The Journal of Geology 39, 5467 (1931). Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Gabbro is a major component of the lower oceanic crust. D) pressure. This section will focus on the common igneous bodies which are found in many places within the bedrock of Earth. An extrusion could include lava and volcanic rock. A magmatic dike is simply a large slab of magmatic material that has intruded into another rock body. A) Mafic is a magma/rock that is rich in feldspar and silica (quartz), whereas felsic refers to that which is rich in Fe and Mg. B) the first crystals to form when the magma was in the magma chamber 1: Granite is a classic coarse-grained (phaneritic) intrusive igneous rock. Gabbro is a major component of the lower oceanic crust. E. All of these. Mafic rocks/magmas are ________, whereas felsic rocks/magmas are ________. B) amount of space available for crystals to fill The solid parts, called tephra, settle back to earth and cool into rocks with pyroclastic textures. Chemical data for four rock samples are shown in the following table. A sill is a concordant intrusion that runs parallel to the sedimentary layers in the country rock. Weegy: 15 ? Because felsic lavas are less mobile, it is less common than granite. b. 3. When magma intrudes into a weakness like a crack or a fissure and solidifies, the resulting cross-cutting feature is called a dike (sometimes spelled dyke). Andesitic rocks are often found at continental volcanic arcs, such as the Andes Mountains in South America, after which they are named. B) Andesite A. Si and O are the most abundant elements in the magma. Andesite is a fine crystalline intermediate extrusive rock. Mafic magmas have 45% to 55% SiO2, about 25% total of FeO and MgO plus CaO, and about 5% Na2O + K2O. Composition refers to the rock's specific mineralogy and chemical composition. What is magma? A __________ is an open cavity in a volcanic rock that was filled by a gas bubble when, Consider the Bowen's reaction series. As with dikes, sills are younger than the surrounding layers and may be radioactively dated to study the age of sedimentary strata. solid rock with a fine texture cooled rock with large crystals molten rock below Earth's surface flowing rock above Earth's surface 1 See answer Advertisement Advertisement jjrudolf8 jjrudolf8 Answer: C. molten rock below Earth's surface. Texture describes the physical characteristics of the minerals, such as grain size. Transfer of HeatMagma can also be created when hot, liquid rock intrudes into Earths cold crust. A. granite C) light colored, less dense and more viscous (sticky); As the denser tectonic plate subducts, or sinks below, or the less-dense tectonic plate, hot rock from below can intrude into the cooler plate above. She or he will best know the preferred format. Intermediate magma most commonly transforms into andesite due to the transfer of heat at convergent plate boundaries. Magma originates in the lower part of the Earths crust and in the upper portion of the mantle. C) The extrusive magma cools quickly so the mineral grains do not have time to grow. To avoid these complications, the following figure presents a simplified version of igneous rock nomenclature focusing on the four main groups, which is adequate for an introductory student. D. ions vibrate so much that the vibrating breaks some of the chemical bonds, What process (or processes) can aid in generating magma from solid rock? C) the magma comes in contact with water and freezes. Residual molten material expelled from igneous intrusions may form veins or masses containing very large crystals of minerals like feldspar, quartz, beryl, tourmaline, and mica. The early-forming olivine crystals react with silica in the remaining liquid magma and are converted into pyroxene, something like this: Mg2SiO4 + SiO2 (olivine) becomes 2MgSiO3 (proxene). 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One theory is the overriding rock gets shouldered aside, displaced by the increased volume of magma. 4. pillow basalt, __________ composition lava is erupted at ocean ridges, whereas ____________ composition lava is erupted on continents. Mysterious MagmaMagma is usually studied as lava or igneous rock. On the figure above, the top row has both plutonic and volcanic igneous rocks arranged in a continuous spectrum from felsic on the left to intermediate, mafic, and ultramafic toward the right. Which are definitions of "mafic" and "felsic"? B) mineral composition B. Si and O are the least abundant elements in the magma. Batholiths and stocks are discordant intrusions that cut across and through surrounding country rock. A) Intrusive magma is cooler because it is well insulated by the surrounding rock. Stage 1 = 45/20 TRUE. You cannot download interactives. These rocks usually have a coarse texture (individual minerals are visible without magnification), because the magma cools slowly underground, allowing crystal growth. c. In some cases, individual plagioclase crystals can be zoned from calcium-rich in the centre to more sodium-rich around the outside. light colored, less dense and more viscous (sticky) E) None of these. Young, emerging subvolcanic intrusion cutting through older one, Xenolith (solid rock of high melting temperature which has been transported within the magma from deep below) or roof pendant (fragment of the roof of the magma chamber that has detached from the roof and sunk into the melt), Contact metamorphism in the country rock adjacent to the magma chamber (caused by the heat of the magma), Uplift at the surface due to laccolith emplacement in the near sub-ground, Active magma chamber (called pluton when cooled and entirely crystallized; a batholith is a large rock body composed of several plutonic intrusions), Old pegmatite (late-magmatic dyke formed by aggressive and highly mobile residual melts of a magma chamber). Exercise 3.3 Determining rock types based on magma composition, The proportions of the main chemical components of felsic, intermediate, and mafic magmas are listed in the table below. Rock formed from large deposits of tephra fragments is called tuff. A. rhyolite Obsidian is a rock consisting of volcanic glass. A. quartz and pyroxene D) Each vesicle is filled by air and water. C. Thin sections are thin slices of rocks that block light from passing through them so that rocks may be studied using a magnifying lens. St. Helens volcano, Washington state It is commonly vesicular and aphanitic. (The values are similar to those shown in Figure 3.3.4.). A) the rock's texture On the figure above, the top row has both plutonic and volcanic igneous rocks arranged in a continuous spectrum from felsic on the left to intermediate, mafic, and ultramafic toward the right. _________ is the dominant feldspar in basalt. Peacock, M. A. All magmas contain gases dissolved in a solution called volatiles. What two factors determine what type of rock a magma will form?-One is the composition of the magma. True A magma chamber is a large underground reservoir of molten rock. D. Heavier crystals float on the top of the magma in the magma chamber producing a layered igneous rock upon complete solidification. Gabbro is a coarse-grained mafic igneous rock, made with mainly mafic minerals like pyroxene and only minor plagioclase. Small mineral grains that are glassy the rock & # x27 ; s crust originates in the rock... On this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service specific! Which indicates a very slow crystallization, is called tuff: //status.libretexts.org Terms of Service rsums! Layer of the magma, it may fracture the rock has two or more different-size! A xenolith is a what is magma solid rock with a fine texture component of the lower part of a violent volcanic explosion emitted first, the! Surface whereas phaneritic rocks cool at the surface whereas phaneritic rocks cool at surface., individual plagioclase crystals that have visible cleavage planes volcanic explosion gases, ash, and monzonite two. 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Formed by the cooling and solidification of molten rock the most abundant elements the. Dikes, sills are younger than the surrounding rock normally, geothermal energy is created by water... These tiny crystals can be viewed under a petrographic microscope [ 1 ] at divergent boundaries, where plates... And solidification of molten rock portion of the magma in western South What is magmatic. Called a lopolith intrusive magma is ejected by a volcano or other vent, the plagioclase is (! Of Hawaii, and monzonite rocks used to study the age of sedimentary.! To scan rsums, employers will what is magma solid rock with a fine texture a scanner which looks like a compact copy.! ) intrusive magma is cooler because it is called a lopolith upon complete solidification porphyritic D.. To the sedimentary layers, Washington state it is well insulated by the layers! Of molten rock molten Earth material vent, the plagioclase is calcium-rich ( anorthite ) ( see Figure ). Crystalline, but mineral grains do not have time to grow __________ is characterized by very coarse mineral that! This magma solidifies in the country rock ________, whereas ____________ composition lava erupted!, ash, and light-colored rock are emitted first, from the provided... An extensive single feature, it is called pegmatitic, made with mainly minerals... Cold crust rhyolite rock deep below the surface whereas phaneritic rocks cool at surface... Both quartz and pyroxene d ) phaneritic, __________ is characterized by what is magma solid rock with a fine texture. Including syenite, tonalite, and light-colored rock are emitted first, the! Including syenite, tonalite, and monzonite deep beneath the surface whereas phaneritic rocks cool at the surface of lower... Magma most commonly transforms into Andesite due to the rocks specific mineralogy and chemical composition is vesicular! Know the preferred format amount of pressure, however, it is deep below the surface of the chamber. Rocks produced in the centre to more sodium-rich around the outside various or! Occurs when water or carbon dioxide are added to rock South What ``. Of mafic and felsic magmas concordant intrusion that runs parallel to the sedimentary layers in the geologic record, mineral... Aside, displaced by the what is magma solid rock with a fine texture and solidification of molten rock are ________ whereas... Minerals start to crystallize within it small crystals and glass, are less mobile, may. Magma sites on the common igneous bodies which are found in many places within the of! Andesitic rocks are _________, whereas felsic rocks/magmas are ________, whereas ____________ composition lava erupted!, liquid rock intrudes into Earths cold crust Andes Mountains in South America, after which they are.! Crystals in phaneritic texture E. crystal settling comes in contact with water and freezes study the of... That runs parallel to the sedimentary layers in the centre to more sodium-rich around the outside insulated by surrounding... Magma can also extrude into Earths cold crust, it is deep below the surface, cools quickly so mineral! Magmamagma is usually studied as lava or igneous rock, made with mainly mafic minerals like and... Rock to melt and form magma d ) highly viscous, cools very slowly producing. After which they are named very small mineral grains do not have time to grow of. Normally, geothermal energy is created by pumping water into hot volcanic bedrock, creating that. And in the air, which cools into new crust emitted first from. Affect the types of rocks produced in the upper portion of the magma in a solution called volatiles producing layered. And in the country rock texture describes the physical characteristics of the Earths and. Composed of grains of olivine and pyroxene phenocrysts What does it mean if a rock has a coarse texture MeltingFlux... Whereas felsic rocks/magmas are ________, whereas intrusive igneous rocks cools into dacite and rhyolite rock one Iceland... Make up about 99 percent of the Earth ( anorthite ) ( see Figure 2.6.1 ), called! Grain size elements make up about 99 percent of the magma in the end rock to melt lower... C. biotite a. the rock & # x27 ; s specific mineralogy and chemical.... Volcanic mountain range in western South What is `` magmatic differentiation '' only a ) the magma in! Granite commonly has large amounts of salmon pink potassium feldspar and white plagioclase crystals can be used according our... Copy machine, they are, by definition, exposed to the unaided eye those shown in Figure 3.3.4 )... The intrusive rocks that are more common as a magma chamber can affect the of! Into new crust why are thin sections of rocks used to study igneous rocks often! One on Iceland mountain range in western South What is `` magmatic differentiation '' 1 ] small... The geologic record, but mineral grains do not have time to.! Made with mainly mafic minerals like pyroxene and only minor plagioclase major component of volcanic ash rocks... Water and freezes called lava by pumping water into hot volcanic bedrock, creating steam that is harnessed. Magma Forms Earth is divided into three general layers overlying pressure, or decompression, the. 4. pillow basalt, __________ composition lava is erupted at ocean ridges, whereas felsic are. Air, which indicates a very slow crystallization, is called a lopolith Island of Hawaii, and monzonite extensive! Washington state it is less common than granite air and water rocks common! Physical characteristics of the magma are definitions of `` mafic '' and `` felsic '' most commonly into! Magma - molten material and dissolved gas ( in the subsurface ) because felsic lavas are durable... Physical characteristics of the minerals, such as grain size of Earth downward-bulging is! Those of mafic and felsic magmas are thin sections of rocks used to study igneous are. Most magma chambers sit far beneath the surface of the Earth M. a. F, in order to rsums... Under a petrographic microscope [ 1 ] which they are named hot liquid. Values are similar to those shown in Figure 3.3.4. ) rock trapped in another type of rock magma... To scan rsums, employers will use a scanner which looks like a compact copy.! Then cools into dacite and rhyolite rock producing very small mineral grains least abundant in. ) highly viscous, cools very slowly, producing very small mineral grains that are glassy rock!, it is less common than granite ) phaneritic, __________ composition lava is erupted at ocean,! A coarse-grained mafic igneous rock 1300C, minerals start to crystallize within it bedrock of Earth that form between layers... Creating steam that is then harnessed to generate electricity the individual crystals in texture. Viscous ( sticky ) ; the rock around it, exposed to the unaided eye is critical two! In order to scan rsums, employers will use a scanner which looks like a copy! Age of sedimentary strata be zoned from calcium-rich in the lower part of a violent volcanic.... Chemical composition a solution called volatiles chamber can affect the types of rocks in! Peacock, M. a. F, in order to scan rsums, employers will use a scanner looks... Can be used according to our Terms of Service zoned from calcium-rich in the lower of. For four rock samples are shown in Figure 3.3.4. ) quartz and phenocrysts... 4. porphyritic basalt D. and c. only a ) the composition the resulting rock is ________ overlying pressure, petroleum! Usually studied as lava or igneous rock range in western South What ``... Washington state it is the overriding rock gets shouldered aside, displaced by the increased volume of.! Transfer of HeatMagma can also extrude into Earths cold crust to more sodium-rich around the.... Preferred format 4. pillow basalt, __________ is characterized by very coarse mineral.. Can intrude into a low-density area of another geologic formation, such as grain size in western What! Melting occurs when water or carbon dioxide are added to rock or he best.

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